摘要: 【關鍵詞】 兒童 放射損傷 研究進展 隨著放射性物質的廣泛使用,愈來愈多的兒童受到輻射,輻射對他們的影響也受到關注。5Gy照射將導致60%的人不育和臨時閉經,永久不育是由于單次6Gy或15Gy分10天照射。致死性照射幸存者照射窗口期:0~6天白內障,0~37天露腦,4~11天胚胎死亡,8~15周或更長出現小腦畸形,智力障礙......
【關鍵詞】 兒童 放射損傷 研究進展
隨著放射性物質的廣泛使用,愈來愈多的兒童受到輻射,輻射對他們的影響也受到關注。
1 射線對孕婦及胎兒的影響
射線分次3.5Gy照射將導致60%的人不育和臨時閉經,永久不育是由于單次6Gy或15Gy分10天照射。致死性照射幸存者照射窗口期:0~6天白內障,0~37天露腦,4~11天胚胎死亡,8~15周或更長出現小腦畸形,智力障礙,生長發育遲緩,9~90天無腦畸形或小頭畸形,20~37天腭裂,25~85天骨骼惡病質,50多天生長遲緩[1]。大量的流行病學研究顯示放射線對胎兒的損害比對成人更大[2]。在子宮內分3個階段:前植入期、器官發生期、胎兒期。在前植入期是對射線最敏感時期,通常會導致胚胎死亡。放射性核素通過胎盤傳播到子宮內,在孕齡8~25周之間,0.6Sv的劑量就可以引起小頭畸形和神經發育遲滯,在孕齡7~17周之間,≥0.2Sv 可以發生小頭畸形而沒有神經發育遲滯。從前植入到后60天射線會引起器官發生畸形,尤其是腦、骨、眼、生殖器、牙齒。如在妊娠6~11周原子彈爆炸的幸存者小頭畸形最多[3]。除結構畸形外,還有生長失調。
2 射線對兒童的影響
兒童受到輻射后有更大的弱點,因為他們比成人有更大的分鐘通氣量,因此他們受到氣體污染的機會更大。射線對6歲至青春期前損害很小,因為有絲分裂減少。青春期受到輻射損傷發生比兒童晚,淋巴組織對射線固有敏感性。在胎兒期大腦對電離輻射最敏感,出生后最初幾年也敏感。<5歲的兒童全身照射較>5歲的兒童更易發生腎功能不全。肌肉發育不全和萎縮在幼兒受照射者已有報道[4]。<4歲和5~15歲的5%的孩子照射后會發生骨骺滑脫。放射對骨的損害是通過阻止軟骨形成,在干骺端通過影響骨、軟骨鈣的吸收。在骨干改變骨膜的活動,引起異常骨形成。在<6歲和青春期孩子生長遲緩[5]。在孩子初潮年齡之前受到全身照射,卵巢功能衰竭很少[6],在妊娠中3個月流產增加。受照射子宮容積下降,從47ml降到13ml。兒童與成人受照射乳腺表現也不同,在兒童乳腺發育不全最常見。除了直接受到照射外,兒童吃了被污染的人奶、牛奶,其他食品,接觸核灰塵污染的地面,也可受到輻射損傷。在同等劑量,輻射引起癌癥在兒童比成人更多,引起行為障礙的風險更大[7~9]。兒童被輻射后腫瘤比成人高發,如廣島、長崎核爆炸5~6年后白血病發病達高峰,過度的病例數16年后才減少[10],在切爾諾貝利核事故中,含有放射性碘的灰塵形成放射云,灰塵落在烏克蘭,在1991—1997年間,患甲狀腺癌的成人和兒童有577人,大多數病例,輻射劑量是0.50Gy或更多[11],在輻射后良性甲狀腺腫瘤比惡性更尋常,放射引起的腫瘤可以是良性,也可以是惡性。白血病潛伏期2~3年,甲狀腺癌和其他實體腫瘤是10年[12,13],而在切爾諾貝利核事故后,甲狀腺癌在兒童潛伏期縮短至4年[14]。兒童受照射后患致死腫瘤的風險是中年成人的10倍,因為分化細胞對放射引起的腫瘤形成更易感,這些影響在兒童病人的整個生命中有更多時間放大[15,16]。兒童受到1.5~2.0Gy照射血液出現異常—中性粒細胞減少、血小板減少、淋巴細胞減少、貧血。如果24h淋巴細胞絕對數下降50%,說明受到顯著的照射,現在對此沒有有效的治療。染色體裂變的放射基礎量的評估和他的年齡是關鍵。如胸部照射在成人和兒童是顯著的不同,除了都有放射性肺炎、肺間質纖維化,兒童還可由于肋骨、脊柱畸形和發育不良、肺不張、氣道塌陷直接造成肺限制[17]。在介入檢查中受到高的輻射劑量,在兒童會出現長期隨機的影響[18,19]。
3 輻射對兒童心理的影響
輻射后最常見的心理問題是恐懼和焦慮,在切爾諾貝利核事故6年多后,在長達11年對母親的隨訪中,她們從幾個月到不足18歲的孩子有精神心理障礙[20~22],在測定社會心理病態和負面行為方面有較高的分數[23]。輻射對兒童的影響目前研究尚少,對更多臟器的損傷及其損傷機制及對兒童生長發育的影響及其機制有待進一步深入研究。
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